Promoter system inducing expression by 3-hydroxypropionic acid and method for biological production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid using same

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a promoter system inducing expression of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) and a method of biologically producing 3-HP using the same. To improve production of 3-HP in a biological manner, continuous synthesis of new enzymes having enzyme activity is necessary. As a result of screening 3-HP reactive transcription regulators and 3-HP reactive promoters from several microorganisms including Pseudomonas denitrificans, it was confirmed that the transcriptions regulations and promoters are composed of LysR proteins and particular gene nucleotide sequences binding to the LysR proteins. Therefore, the 3-HP inducible system is expected to be effectively used to regulate 3-HP metabolic pathways.

CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATION

This application is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/735,585 filed on May 24, 2018, which is a National Stage Patent Application of PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/KR2016/006261 filed on Jun. 13, 2016, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2016-0073091 filed on Jun. 13, 2012 and 10-2015-0082593 filed on Jun. 11, 2015 which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to a promoter system inducing expression of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) and a method for biological production of 3-HP.

3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an important synthetic immediate used in various chemical processes, and is used as a raw material for producing acrylic acid, acrylamide, 1,3-propanediol, malonic acid, and the like. 3-HP is also used for synthesis of a biodegradable polymer. Biological production of 3-HP using glycerol has been successfully accomplished through genetic engineering of key enzymes required for 3-HP production pathways in various bacteria. In detail, production of 3-HP has been confirmed in bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas denitrificans, and the like, by (over)expression of glycerol dehydratase which is a coenzyme B₁₂-dependent enzyme, DhaB reactivase which is a glycerol dehydratase reactivase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase which is a NAD⁺-dependent enzyme, and the like through genetic engineering. Some recombinant strains including E. coli W DUBGK were able to produce more than 40 g/L of 3-HP for 48 hours, but had a difficulty in increasing 3-HP production beyond that. It was particularly observed that, as fermentation time for the production of 3-HP continues, problems that enzymes, such as glycerol dehydratase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, become unstable or lose activity occur. In this regard, one important reason why the activity of glycerol dehydratase disappears is due to a mechanism called suicidal inactivation. In such a mechanism, coenzyme B₁₂ which is a coenzyme of glycerol dehydratase is irreversible damaged during a dehydration reaction from glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA), and such a deactivation reaction is promoted in the presence of oxygen. In recent years, to ease deactivation-based on such a mechanism above, mutant glycerol dehydratase has been developed according to site-directed mutagenesis. Several mutant enzymes have been found to have improved enzyme stability, but enzyme activity thereof has been observed to be significantly reduced when compared to conventional enzymes.

Another reason for the problems above is due to toxicity of 3-HPA which is a highly reactive intermediate. When glycerol dehydratase or aldehyde dehydrogenase is present with 3-HPA, activity of glycerol dehydratase or aldehyde dehydrogenase decreases depending on a concentration of 3-HPA. Aldehydes are known to react with amino acid residues, such as ε-amino acid (NH3⁺), a sulfhydryl group (—C—SH), and an imidazole group that are present in lysine, cysteine, and histidine, respectively. Efforts have been made to improve the stability of many enzymes in the presence of aldehydes using site-directed mutagenesis and random mutagenesis, but have been limitedly succeeded.

An interesting alternative to solving the problems that the enzymes become unstable is continuous synthesis of new enzymes having activity during the whole period of cell culture. Theoretically, if new enzymes can be supplied as much as the enzymes that become unstable, the enzyme activity of the enzymes in cells can be kept constant. In particular, it is necessary to continuously express enzymes at the time when the growth of cells in the latter half of fermentation slows down and the total metabolic activity of the cells is decreased due to high concentrations of 3-HP.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides an inducible promoter for 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) or a derivative thereof, the inducible promoter including a binding site to a LysR protein that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof.

The present invention also provides a recombinant gene expression cassette reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, the recombinant gene expression cassette including a lysR gene encoding a LysR protein that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, a promoter comprising a binding site to a LysR protein, and a gene encoding a target expression protein.

To achieve the technical problems above, the present invention provides an inducible promoter for 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) or a derivative thereof, the inducible promoter including a binding site to a LysR protein that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof.

In addition, the present invention relates to a recombinant expression vector including the inducible promoter for 3-HP or a derivative thereof, a recombinant microorganism transformed by the recombinant expression vector, and a method of producing 3-HP, the method including culturing the recombinant microorganism.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant gene expression cassette reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, the recombinant gene expression cassette including a lysR gene encoding a LysR protein that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, a promoter including a binding site to a LysR protein, and a gene encoding a target expression protein.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant expression vector including the recombinant gene expression cassette that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, a recombinant microorganism transformed with the recombinant expression vector, a recombinant microorganism including the recombinant gene expression cassette, which is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, inserted in a chromosome of a host cell, and a method of producing a target expression protein, the method including culturing the recombinant microorganism.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is shows production (A) of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) in proliferating cells and degradation (B) of 3-HP. A strain for a 3-HP production test of Pseudomonas denitrificans was cultured in an M9 medium supplemented with 25±2 mmol/L of 3-HP as a single carbon energy source and an energy source. Meanwhile, resting cells for a 3-HP degradation test of P. denitrificans were prepared by culturing on an M9 medium supplemented with 25±2 mmol/L of 3-HP. Here, the standard deviation for 3-HP concentration measurements was calculated to be 10% or less. Symbols: closed circle, 3-HP; semi-circle left, cell mass; cross, pH.

FIG. 2 shows two metabolic pathways of 3-HP (oxidation and reduction pathways). Abbreviations: 3-HPDH, 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase; 3-HIBDH, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase; MMSADH, methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; HPCS, 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase.

FIG. 3 shows a relative mRNA expression level (A) and a fold increase in P. denitrificans ATCC13867 with respect to a 3-hydroxypropionate catabolite gene. FIG. 3(A) shows a result (shown in a grey bar) obtained by culturing P. denitrificans in an M9 medium supplemented with 25 mmol/L of 3-HP and a result (shown in a black bar) obtained by culturing P. denitrificans in an M9 medium not supplemented with 3-HP. FIG. 3(B) shows a result (shown in a grey bar) of a difference in mRNA expression levels depending on the 3-HP supply, wherein the result is indicated as a fold increase. Here, the standard deviation for mRNA level measurements was calculated to be 10% or less. Here, the mRNA expression levels are compared using a rpoD gene as a reference gene.

FIG. 4 shows expression of genes, i.e., mmsadh (shown in black) and 3hibdhIV (shown in grey). In addition to 3-HP, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3HIB), 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), L-valine, or the like also acts as an inducer.

FIG. 5 shows expression of a gene, 3hpdH. In addition to 3-HP, 3HIB, 3-HB, L-valine, or the like also acts as an inducer.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show a promoter system gene sequence and a structure thereof, the promoter system being induced by 3-HP. FIG. 6A shows positions of genes, mmsadh and 3hibdh, and a gene of a LysR protein (C4-LysR) that regulates gene transcription of mmsadh and 3hibdh.

FIG. 6B shows positions of a 3hpdh gene and a gene of a LysR protein (C3-LysR) that regulates gene transcription of 3hpdh.

FIG. 7 shows results of analysis for an inducible promoter for a C4-LysR gene. O1 and O2 operators between the genes, such as C4-LysR (represented by mmsR) and mmsadh (represented by mmsA), are each present at position −58 and position −9 at positions relative to, as a standard, a transcription start site of mmsadh, and each include an inverted repeat sequence. As a result of the analysis of the inverted repeat sequence constituting each of O1 and O2, a TACGTGT{right arrow over (A)}A sequence was conserved.

FIG. 8 shows a regulatory mechanism of a LysR family transcriptional regulator.

FIG. 9 shows an amino acid sequence that is highly conserved in a LysR protein. Positions of the amino acid was centered on the C4-LysR protein. However, the amino acid sequence conserved in a DNA binding domain or a substrate binding domain was the same for all LysR proteins derived from a strain used in the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows SDS-PAGE results for analyzing solubility of C-his tag C4-LysR by using a chaperon plasmid: pG-KJE8 (A), pGro7 (B), pKJE7 (C), pG-Tf2 (D), and pTf16 (E). A genetically engineered strain of E. coli BL21 was cultured in an LB medium at a temperature of 25° C., induced with 0.1 mM IPTG, and harvested within 4 or 12 hours. Here, the blue arrow shows the size of 34.4 kDa for the C4-LysR protein.

FIG. 11 shows SDS- and native-PAGE analysis results of the purified C4-LysR protein. FIG. 11(A) shows purification results by denaturing SDS-PAGE, wherein lane 1 shows a wild-type (crude) result; lane 2 shows a (−)IPTG result; lanes 3, 4, 5, and 7 each show cell-free, soluble, insoluble, and purified fraction results; and lane 6 shows a protein marker result. FIG. 11(B) shows native PAGE analysis results, wherein lanes 8, 10, and 12 show protein marker results, and lanes 9, 11, and 13 show purified C4-LysR protein results when loaded at a concentration of 65 nM, 220 nM, and 550 nM, respectively.

FIGS. 12A-12C show the effect of C4-LysR concentrations and 3-HP on binding of DNA fragments between the C4-LysR protein and a promoter region thereof. FIG. 12A shows a DNA fragment sequence of a promoter used in the experiment, wherein F12 indicates a fragment including both O1 and O2, F12M indicates a fragment including only an O1 operator, F1M2 indicates a fragment including only an O2 operator, and F1M2M indicates a fragment from which both O1 and O2 are removed, and the DNA fragments used in the experiment had the same length of 135 bp. FIG. 12B shows results of electromobility shift assay (EMSA) obtained by analyzing in vitro binding of DNA fragments between the C4-LysR protein and a promoter region thereof, wherein the upper panel shows the results of electrophoresis performed in the absence of 3-HP, and the lower panel shows the results of electrophoresis performed in the presence of 25 mM of 3-HP, and in lanes 1 to 9, the concentration of the C4-LysR protein was gradually increased from 0 nM to 0.36 nM, 0.73 nM, 1.45 nM, 2.9 nM, 5.8 nM, 11.6 nM, 14.5 nM and 24.2 nM, in lanes 10 to 15, the concentration of the C4-LysR protein was gradually increased from 0 nM to 2.9 nM, 5.8 nM, 11.6, nM 14.5 nM, and 24.2 nM, and in lanes 16 to 21, the concentration of the C4-LysR protein was gradually increased from 0 nM to 2.9 nM, 11.6 nM, 24.2 nM, and 72.7 nM. FIG. 12C shows quantitative results of binding affinity of DNA fragments between the C4-LysR protein and a promoter region thereof, wherein affinity refers to a dissociation constant (K_(D)), and that is, half of the DNA fragments was represented by the concentration of a protein required to bind the C4-LysR protein.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show the structural comparison of genetic populations involved in the 3-HP degradation pathway between P. denitrificans ATCC13861 and various microorganisms.

FIGS. 14A-14C and FIGS. 15A-15B show the multiple sequence arrangement of the N-terminal HTH included in a LysR region: C4-LysR (FIGS. 14A-14C) and C3-LysR (FIGS. 15A-15B).

FIG. 16 shows a pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH plasmid developed for the expression of glycerol dehydratase and KGSADH in P. denitrificans.

FIG. 17 shows results (O1 & S1) of comparing consumption of glucose and glycerol, cell growth, 3-HP production, and pH changes by a strain of Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH) (O1, O2 & O3) and a strain of Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH) (S1, S2 & S3): no glycerol; (O2 & S2), 25 mg/L of CoCl₂.6H₂O added to a culture medium; (03 & S3), 12 μmol/L of coenzyme B12 added to a culture medium, and 100 mM of glycerol added at 3 hours.

FIG. 18 shows results of comparing time-dependent inactivation of glycerol dehydratase and KGSADH by using cell lysates of Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhT (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH) and Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH).

FIG. 19 shows time-dependent changes in consumption of glycerol and glucose, biomass, and 3-HP production upon a fed-batch bioreactor operation: (A) recombinant Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH) and (B) Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Accordingly, in terms of efficiently maintaining expression of a 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) production enzyme, the inventors of the present invention have discovered a specific gene transcription promoter system, which induces the expression of 3-HP, in various microorganisms, and then, examined genetic and biochemical characteristics of the promoter system. The promoter system is an unusual system that has never been reported in documents yet, and consists of a transcription activating protein of 3-HP and a DNA sequence specifically binding to the transcription activating protein. The inventors of the present invention developed a recombinant strain capable of producing 3-HP at a high concentration from glycerol by overexpressing DhaB, GdrAB, and KGSADH by using the promoter system, thereby completing the present invention.

The present invention provides an inducible promoter for 3-HP or a derivative thereof, the inducible promoter including a binding site to a LysR protein which is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant expression vector including the inducible promoter for 3-HP or a derivative thereof. Preferably, the recombinant expression vector may further include a gene encoding a foreign protein linked to the inducible promoter for 3-HP or a derivative thereof. More preferably, the foreign protein may be glycerol dehydratase (DhaB), DhaB reactivase (GdrAB), or α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase (KGSADH), but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant microorganism transformed with the recombinant expression vector. Preferably, the recombinant microorganism may have producibility of 3-HP. More preferably, the recombinant microorganism may be Pseudomonas denitrificans, and more preferably, may be a stain of Pseudomonas denitrificans Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI from which 3hpdh, 3hibdh, and mmsadh genes relating to degradation of 3-HP are deleted in a strain of P. denitrificans, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In addition, the present invention provides a method of producing 3-HP, the method including culturing the recombinant microorganism.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant gene expression cassette reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, the recombinant gene expression cassette including a lysR gene encoding a LysR protein that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, a promoter comprising a binding site to a LysR protein, and a gene encoding a target expression protein.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant expression vector including the recombinant gene expression cassette that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, and a recombinant microorganism transformed with the recombinant expression vector.

In addition, the present invention provides a recombinant microorganism including the recombinant gene expression cassette that is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof inserted in a chromosome of a host cell. It will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that, even if the recombinant gene expression cassette is inserted into the genome of the host cell, the same effect as the case where the recombinant vector is introduced into a host cell is made.

In the present invention, as a method of inserting the recombinant gene expression cassette to a chromosome of a host cell, any gene engineering method known in the art may be used. In one embodiment, a method using a retrovirus vector, an adenovirus vector, an adeno-associated virus vector, a herpes simplex virus vector, a poxvirus vector, a lentivirus vector, or a non-viral vector may be used.

In addition, the present invention provides a method of producing a target expression protein, the method including culturing the recombinant microorganism. Preferably, the culturing of the recombinant microorganism may further include adding for 3-HP.

Preferably, the LysR protein or the promoter may be derived from a microorganism with 3-HP degradability. More preferably, the LysR protein or the promoter may be Achromobacter denitrificans, Acidovorax avenae subsp., Acidovorax sp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcanivorax hongdengensis, Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Alteromonas marina, Amycolatopsis sp., Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans, Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii, Beijerinckia indica, Bordetella avium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Burkholderia ambifaria, Catenulispora acidiphilia, Caulobacter sp., Castellaniella defragrans, Chromobacterium violaceum, Collimonas arenae, Comamonas testosteroni, Corynebacterium vitaeruminis, Cupriavidus necator, Curvibacter gracilus, Delftia acidovorans, Ferrimonas balearica, Glaciecola nitratireducens, Gordonia bronchialis, Hahella chijuensis, Halomonas elongata, Hirschia litorea, Idiomarina sp., Janthinobacterium lividum, Kitasatospora setae, Kutzneria albida, Methylobacterium sp., Methylocystis sp., Novosphingobium sp., Oceanimonas smirnovii, Paracoccus sp., Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Phenylobacterium kunshanensis, Photobacterium gaetbuleda, Polynucleobacter necessarius asymbioticus, Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora, Pseudogulbenkiania sp., Pseudomonas denitrifcans ATCC13867, P. knackmussii, P. protegens, P. fluorescens, Pseudoxanthomonas spadix, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, Ralstonia oxalatica, Rhodomicrobium vannielli, Segniliparus rotundus, Shewanella oneidensis, Simiduia agarovorans, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, Sphingomonas wittichii, Sphingopyxis alaskensis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces nodosus, Tatlockia micdadei, Thalassospira xiamenensis, Variovorax paradoxus, Verminephrobacter eiseniae, Vibrio furnissii, Xanthobacter autotrophicus, Xanthomonas campestri, and Xanthomonas oryzae, but embodiments of the present disclosure.

Preferably, the LysR protein may have an N-terminal domain having a helix-turn-helix structure and binding to DNA, a C-terminal domain binding to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, and a C-terminal domain contributing to stabilization of a LysR protein dimer, but embodiments of the disclosure are not limited thereto.

More preferably, the N-terminal domain having a helix-turn-helix structure and binding to DNA may include an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, the C-terminal domain binding to 3-HP or a derivative thereof may include an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, and the C-terminal domain contributing to stabilization of a LysR protein dimer may include an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

“X” or “Xaa” described in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 does not refer to particular amino acid, meaning that any amino acid may be used. More preferably, the LysR protein may be a LysR protein having Genebank ID represented by Table 4 and 5, but embodiments of the disclosure are not limited thereto.

Preferably, the binding site to the LysR may include two LysR protein dimers that are bonded to each other, and may include a base sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 43, wherein an inverted repeat sequence and another inverted repeat sequence paired with therewith may be repeated twice in the binding site to a LysR protein, wherein the inverted repeat sequence may consist of a base sequence represented by one selected from SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 43, but embodiments of the disclosure are not limited thereto.

More preferably, the binding site to a LysR protein may consist of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 44 or 45.

“n” described in the SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 43 does not refer to a particular base, meaning the any base may be used.

The SEQ ID NO: 44 or 45 may be a promoter base sequence derived from Pseudomonas denitrificans ATCC13867.

Preferably, the derivative may be 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3HIB) or 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), but embodiments of the disclosure are not limited thereto.

The term “vector” as used herein refers to a self-replicating DNA molecule that is used to carry the clone gene (or other fragments of the clone DNA).

The term “expression vector” as used herein refers to a recombinant DNA molecule including a desired coding sequence and a suitable nucleic acid sequence necessary for expressing a coding sequence operably linked to a particular host organism. The expression vector may include at least one selective marker. The marker may be a nucleic acid sequence having characteristics that can be generally selected by a chemical method, and may include all genes capable of distinguishing a transformed cell from a non-transformed cell. Examples of the marker include antibiotic resistance genes, such as ampicillin, kanamycin, G418, Bleomycin, hygromycin, and chloramphenicol, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Such a marker can be appropriately selected from one of ordinary skill in the art.

Hereinafter, the present inventive concept will be described below in further detail through Examples and Comparative Examples. However, such Examples are for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the scope of the present inventive concept.

<Example 1> Identification of Gene Expression System by 3-HP

1. Materials

A number of strains including Achromobacter denitrificans and Acinetobacter baumannii were obtained from the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM). A number of strains including Acidovorax avenae subsp. and Agrobacterium sp. were purchased from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC). A number of strains including Alicycliphilus denitrificans and Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans were obtained from DSM in Germany. A number of strains including Aeromonas hydrophilia and Pseudomonas denitrificans ATCC13867 purchased from ATCC in the United States. A primer was synthesized by COSMO GENETECH (Seoul, Korea). 3-HP was purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo (TCI America, Portland, Oreg.) in Japan. An enzyme extract (Cat. 212750) and tripton (Cat. 211705) were purchased from Difco (Becton Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, N.J.). All chemicals and enzymes not mentioned were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

2. 3-HP Production of Proliferating Cells and 3-HP Degradation in Dormant Cells

Shake flask experiments were carried out in a 250 mL non-baffled Erlenmeyer flask in a volume of 30 mL in shaking incubator at a temperature of 37° C. and a stirring speed of 200 rpm. Experiments on 3-HP production by P. denitrificans were performed under conditions where an M9 medium having a modified volume of 30 mL was added to a 250 mL non-baffled Erlenmeyer flask for culturing in a shaking incubator at a temperature of 37° C. at a stirring speed of 200 rpm. Here, compositions of the modified M9 medium for culturing a strain included 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.25 g/L of MgSO₄ 7H₂O, 1.0 g/L of NaCl, 1.0 g/L of NH₄Cl, and 3-HP 25 mM.

Experiments on the dormant cells were carried out to investigate 3-HP degradation in a total of 69 microorganisms including P. denitrificans, and bacteria used in the experiments are shown in Table 1. To prepare active cells, 3-HP was added to a nutrient-enriched medium specified for each strain, and then, cultured in a for 250 mL non-baffled erlenmeyer flask at a volume of 50 mL. Strain culture was performed at a temperature of 37° C., and when OD₆₀₀ of cells reached about 1 to 1.5, cells were harvested by centrifugation at a speed of 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The precipitated cells were washed with 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and resuspended with 25±2 mmol/L of 3-HP in the same buffer. The above-mentioned cell harvesting, washing and resuspending procedures were performed prior to the 3-HP degradation experiments. Samples were taken periodically to investigate the concentration of 3-HP.

TABLE 1 Strains used in the present invention Culture Pur- Genus temper- Aerobic chase No. Strain Medium ature condition site 1 Achromobacter Nutrient medium 26° C. Aerobic KCCM denitrificans 2 Acidovorax Nutrient medium 25° C. Aerobic KCTC avenaesubsp. Acidovorax sp Tryptone 28° C. Aerobic DSM soya broth 3 Acinetobacter Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM baumannii 4 Aeromonas Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic ATCC hydrophilia 5 Agrobacterium sp. Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC 6 Alcaligenes Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM faecalis 7 Alcanivorax Nutrient medium 26° C. Aerobic KCTC hongdengensis 8 Alicychphilus Nutrient medium 26° C. Aerobic DSM denitrificans 9 Alteromonas Marine broth 30° C. Aerobic KCCM marina 2216 (DIFCO 0791) 10 Amycolatopsis sp. Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC 11 Anaeromyxo- R2A medium 28° C. Micro- DSM bacter aerobic dehalogenans 12 Azospirillum Azospirillum 30° C. Aerobic KCCM brasilense medium 13 Azotobacter Azotobacter 30° C. Aerobic KCCM vinelandii medium 14 Beijerinckia Beijerinckia 30° C. Aerobic KCTC indica medium 15 Bordetella avium Trypticase 37° C. Aerobic KCCM soy broth 16 Bradyrhizobium Rhizobium 26° C. Aerobic KCCM japonicum medium 17 Burkholderia Trypti case 28° C. Aerobic KCCM ambifaria soy broth 18 Catenulispora Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC acidiphilia 19 Caulobacter sp. Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC 20 Castellaniella Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC defragrans 21 Chromobacterium Nutrient medium 26° C. Aerobic ATCC violaceum 22 Collimonas Nutrient medium 28° C. Aerobic DSM arenae with 5 g/L NaCl 23 Comamonas Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM testosteroni 24 Corynebacterium Corynebacterium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM vitaeruminis broth 25 Cupriavidus Nutrient medium 26° C. Aerobic KCCM necator 26 Curvibacter Peptone, yeast 30° C. Aerobic ATCC gracilus extract with magnesium sulfate 27 Delftia Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC acidovorans 28 Ferrimonas Triple-sugar-iron 28° C. Aerobic KCTC balearica medium (Difco) 29 Glaciecola Broth Medium 25° C. Aerobic KCTC nitratireducens Marine Broth 2216 (BD 279110) 30 Gordonia Trypticase 28° C. Aerobic KCCM bronchialis soy broth 31 Hahella Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC chijuensis 32 Halomonas Halomonas 30° C. Aerobic KCCM elongata medium 33 Hirschia litorea Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC 34 Idiomarina sp. Bactomarine broth 30° C. Aerobic KCTC (Difco 2216) 35 Janthino- Nutrient medium 25° C. Aerobic KCTC bacterium lividum 36 Kitasatospora Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC setae 37 Kutzneria albida Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC 38 Methylo- Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC bacterium sp. 39 Methylocystis sp. NMS medium for 28° C. Aerobic ATCC Methanotrophs with 20% methane (v/v) in the air head space 40 Novo- Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC sphingobium sp. 41 Oceanimonas Marine Broth 23° C. Aerobic ATCC smirnovii 2216 (BD 279110) 42 Paracoccus sp. Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC 43 Parvibaculum Peptone 10.0 30° C. Aerobic KCTC lavamentivorans g/L; NaCl 5.0 g/L; CaCl₂H₂O 0.1 ng/L; Tween 80 10.0 g/L 44 Phenylo- R2A medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC bacterium kunshanensis 45 Photobacterium Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC gaetbuleda 46 Polynucleo- R2A medium 28° C. Aerobic DSM bacter necessarius asymbioticus 47 Pseudo- Sea water yeast 20° C. Aerobic KCCM alteromonas peptone broth carrageenovora 48 Pseudo- Nutrient medium 37° C. Aerobic DSM gulbenkiania sp. 49 Pseudomonas Minimal medium 37° C. Aerobic ATCC denitrificans ATCC13867 Pseudomonas Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic DSM knackmussii Pseudomonas Nutrient medium 28° C. Aerobic DSM protegens Pseudomonas 1213 King 28° C. Aerobic ATCC fluorescens medium B 50 Pseudo- R2A medium 35° C. Micro- KCTC xanthomonas aerobic spadix 51 Psychrobacter Trypti case 30° C. Aerobic ATCC phenylpyruvicus soy broth 52 Ralstonia Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM oxalatica 53 Rhodomicrobium Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC vannielli 54 Segniliparus Bacto Middle 28° C. Aerobic DSM rotundus brook7H10 medium (Difco 262710) 55 Shewanella Trypticase 30° C. Aerobic ATCC oneidensis soy broth 56 Simiduia Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC agarovorans 57 Sinorhizobium Rhizobium 26° C. Aerobic KCCM meliloti medium 58 Sphingobium Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC chloro- phenolicum 59 Sphingomonas Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC wittichii 60 Sphingopyxis Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC alaskensis 61 Stenotro- Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM phomonas maltophilia 62 Streptomyces Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC nodosus 63 Tatlockia BCYE (Buffered 37° C. Micro- DSM micdadei Charcoal aero- Yeast Extract) philic medium 64 Thalassospira Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC xiamenensis 65 Variovorax Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCTC paradoxus 66 Vermine- R2A medium 28° C. Aerobic DSM phrobacter eiseniae 67 Vibrio furnissii Bactomarine 28° C. Aerobic KCCM broth (Difco 2216) 68 Xanthobacter Nutrient medium 30° C. Aerobic KCCM autotrophicus 69 Xanthomonas Nutrient medium 26° C. Aerobic KCCM campestri Xanthomonas IFO medium 802 30° C. Aerobic KCCM oryzae

3. RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

An M9 medium was used for culture of a P. denitrificans strain (ATCC 13567), and a nutrient medium specified for each strain was used for culture of other microorganisms shown in Table 1. Then, when examining the effect of 3-HP, 25 mM of 3-HP was added to the media provided herein. all the strains were cultured in a shaking incubator at a temperature of 37° C. at a stirring speed of 200 rpm under an aerobic condition, and cells were harvested when the cultured cells reached an exponential growth phase. After the cells were harvested in an amount of about 5×10⁸, centrifugation was performed thereon at 5,000 g for 10 minutes. Then, 500 μl of RNA later solution (Ambion, UK) was immediately added to the precipitated cells, and then, the mixed solution was resuspended. RNA was extracted by using a total RNA isolation kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany). 1 μg of total RNA was used for synthesis of 20 μl first-strand cDNA, and a SuperScript III first-strand synthesis system provided by Invitrogen was used for synthesis of cDNA.

A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed by using a SYBR green step with a One Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA). In a reaction solution (20 μL) for the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, 300 ng of cDNA, 10 μL 2× Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, UK), 5 pmol of forward and reverse primers, and DEPC treated water were contained. Conditions for the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were determined as follows: denaturation, 1 cycle of 95° C. for 30 seconds; amplification, 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 seconds, 62° C. for 30 sections, and 72° C. for 30 seconds. Prior to performing the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, PCR was performed to confirm the effect of the primers used in the experiments for measurement of mRNA levels, and relative quantification for mRNA levels was calculated according to the ΔΔCT method.

4. Gene Cloning of LysR Protein, Protein Production, and Separation-Purification

In the case of P. denitrificans, two operons, i.e., 3HPDH (hereinafter, referred to as C3 system) and 3HIBDH-IV (hereinafter, referred to as C4 system), that are involved in the 3-HP degradation were present, as well as LysR proteins, such as C3-LysR and C4-LysR, that regulate transcription of the operons. Among the proteins, protein production was attempted for C4-LysR. E. coli BL21 (DE3) was used as a host and E. coli strain Top10 was used for cloning and maintaining of plasmids. C4 LysR genes were amplified in the P. denitrificans genome by PCR, cloned into a pET30b(+) plasmid, and E. coli strain Top10 was added thereto to confirm sequences, and then, E. coli BL21 (DE3) was added thereto. For protein purification, a His tag was labeled at a C-terminus site. To express the LysR protein in an active soluble form, the LysR protein was co-expressed along with several chaperone plasmids, such as pG-KJE8, pGRO7, pG-TF2, and pTF-16. For use as a medium, an LB medium appropriately supplemented with kanamycin, chloramphenicol, L-arabinose, or the like was used and cultured under aerobic conditions. When the cell concentration reached OD of 0.6, 0.1 mM of IPTG was added to induce production of the LysR protein. For water-soluble expression of the LysR protein, various culture conditions were examined, and eventually, the LysR protein was cultured at a temperature of 25° C. at a speed of 150 rpm for 10 hours. The cultured cells were obtained by centrifugation, washed with 100 mM (pH 7) phosphate buffer, resuspended in binding buffer, and then, disrupted by French Press. Afterwards, the resulting cells were subjected to centrifugation again, and solid and undisrupted cells were removed while the solution was purified by using a Ni-affinity column. followed by being stored in a 20% glycerol solution at a temperature of 80° C.

5. Measurement of Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) for Analyzing Protein-DNA Binding Under In Vitro Conditions

To study binding between the separated C4-LysR gene and a promoter region thereof under in vitro conditions, a DNA fragment of the promoter region was synthesized (see FIG. 7). Three types of fragments were synthesized: first, a fragment (designated as F12) including both O1 and O2 operators, expecting that a transcription regulatory protein binds to the entire DNA fragments between genes, C4-LysR and mmsadh; second, a fragment (designated as F12M) including a part of the O1 operator; third, a fragment (designated as F1M2) including a part of the O2 operator. The EMSA experiments were performed by using a molecular probes fluorescence-based mobility shift assay kit (fluorescence-EMSA) manufactured by Invitrogen Company. First, a DNA fragment of the promoter region was purified by a glass fiber column, mixed with a LysR protein purified with binding buffer, and a reaction was allowed at room temperature for 30 minutes. Afterwards, the mixture was loaded onto a 6% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and developed in TBE buffer (pH 8) at 220 V for 30 minutes. Then, to confirm DNA bands after fixing the gel, SYBR Green EMSA staining was performed thereon, followed by quantification of band intensity by a gel documentation system (Bio-Rad). For observation of the proteins, the DNA-protein band was stained with SYPRO Ruby EMSA.

6. Analysis Method

The cell concentration was measured by using a double beam spectrophotometer (Lambda 20, Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.) with a cuvette having a length of 10 mm. The 3-HP concentration was measured by using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Raj et al, 2008). For preparation of a sample, a sample taken for HPLC analysis was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes to remove cell precipitates, and a tuffryn membrane filter (Acrodisc; Pall Life Sciences, Port Washington, N.Y.). A column used for HPLC analysis had a size of 300 mm×7.8 mm Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad, USA) and 2.5 mmol/L of H₂SO₄ was used as a mobile phase at a temperature of 65° C.

7. Results

(1) Screening of 3-HP Inducible Promoter in P. denitrificans

3-HP is a carbon compound rarely present in natural environments, and there are few reports on its use as a carbon substrate or its biological degradation. However, recently, the inventors of the present invention found that P. denitrificans degraded 3-HP rapidly in both a growth phase and a non-growth phase. During the growth phase of the cells, P. denitrificans was able to be use 3-HP as a sole carbon source and an energy source (FIG. 1A). During non-growth phase of the cells, P. denitrificans showed characteristics of degrading 3-HP in the presence of oxygen (FIG. 1B). Biological degradation of 3-HP is known to use a reducing or oxidative pathway (FIG. 2). Through genome analysis and metabolite analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it was estimated that the 3-HP degradation in P. denitrificans utilized an oxidation pathway. According to this pathway, two enzymes, presumably 3-hydroxypropionated dehydrogenase (3HPDH) and (methyl)malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSADH), sequentially converted 3-HP to methylmalonate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde to acetyl-CoA (FIG. 2). In addition to 3HPDH, many 3-hydroxybutylate dehydrogenases assumed to be capable of degrading 3-HP and 3-hydroxy acid similar to 3-HP were confirmed in P. denitrificans. In this regard, the expression of various enzymes having activity against 3-HP may be possible induced by 3-HP. The mRNA levels of three genes (3hpdh, 3hibdhIV, and mmsadh) assumed to be 3-HP catabolic genes were compared by RT-PCR (FIG. 3). Here, rpoD, which is known to encode sigma factor 70 and is known as a housekeeping gene, was used as a reference gene. As a result, it was interesting to observe that the expression of genes, assumed to be related to the 3-HP degradation, was significantly increased by 3-HP. When the cells were exposed to 3-HP, 3hpdh showed a 46-fold increase, 3hibdhIV showed a 146-fold increase, and mmsadh showed a 137-fold increase. As such, up-regulation of the genes can be explained by the nature of the promoters of genes induced by 3-HP.

The expression of the genes, i.e., 3hpdh, 3hibdhIV, and mmsadh, was similar with 3-HP in size, but the possibility of being amplified by other compounds having different structures from the genes above was also examined (FIGS. 4 and 5). The genes were all amplified by 3-HP, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3HIB), and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB). However, the amplification of the genes was not induced by lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 2,3-butandiol. In particular, the amplification of the genes was induced by L-valine, and it is assumed that the induction is due to conversion from L-valine to 3-HIB in a process of metabolism. In this regard, it is determined that the transcriptional regulatory proteins were specifically reactive to 3-HP, 3-HIB, 3-HB, or the like.

(2) Analysis of 3-HP Inducible Gene Expression System

LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) are known as transcriptional activators that regulate the same catabolic pathway as the aromatic compounds. In general, genes encoding the LTTRs are located in front of a population of genes involved in degradation of aromatic compounds and regulate the compound degradation. To identify the 3-HP degradation pathway, the gene structure analysis of operons related to 3HPDH and 3HIBDH-IV of P. denitrificans was performed. As a result, it was confirmed that the LTTRs were located in a similar gene sequence in the front part of the 3-HP degrading genes (FIG. 6). That is, it showed possibility that the expression of the 3-HP degrading genes may be related to the LysR protein in P. denitrificans. In particular, the genes (i.e., mmsadh, 3hibdh4, and 3hpdh) whose transcription was regulated by a lysR gene and a gene binding to the LysR protein (hereinafter, LysR binding to a gene of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase which is a C4 compound is designated as C4-LysR, and LysR binding to a gene of 3-HP dehydrogenase which is a C3 compound is designated as C3-LysR) were located in an opposite orientation, two specific binding sites, i.e., a regulatory binding site (RS) having a conservative T-N11-A motif and an activation binding site (AS) adjacent to a 35 RNA polymerase binding site, were confirmed (FIG. 6). In addition, it was confirmed that the RS and AS overlap over positions 10 and −35 of the genes encoding the LysR protein. In this regard, it is assumed that the expression of the lysR gene is suppressed by an expression product, LysR.

More detailed analysis of the C4 LysR inducible promoter present in P. denitrificans was performed. O1 and O2 operators between a LysR gene and a mmsadh gene were each located at positions −58 and −9 relative to a transcription start site of the mmsadh gene, and each had an inverted repeat (FIG. 7). The inverted repeat sequence or the palindromic structure was often found in an operator site of prokaryotes, and is known to be a binding site for the transcriptional regulatory proteins. A distance between O1 and O2 sites was about 50 bp, which corresponds to 5 turns of helical DNA, and thus, it is assumed that the LysR protein can bind in the same direction when binding to O1 and O2 sites. The O1 site dyad consists of 9 bases at an interval of 15 bp, but since there was only one mismatch, it was found that the O1 site dyad was highly symmetrical. Meanwhile, the inverted repeat sequence of the O2 site also consists of 9 bases at a relatively short interval of 11 bp. 6 out of 9 was mismatched, and that is, the symmetry of the O2 site was weak. As a result of examining homology of four palindromic fragments present in the O1 and O2 operators, TACGTGTAA was found. The bases at positions 3, 4, and 5 (bold letters) were conserved in all fragments, and the bases at positions 2 and 8 (underlined) were conserved in three fragments, suggesting that these bases play an important role in binding to the C4 LysR protein.

The effect of the O1 and O2 operators on biosynthesis of the C4-LysR protein and the mmsadh expression was examined by using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter (Table 2). In Table 2, the effect of the C4-LysR protein and the O1 and O2 operators on the expression of the C4-LysR and the mmsadh. The relative size of the GFP was shown relative to the wild type in the absence of 3-HP. the C4-LysR protein was either not present or was produced by a constitutive promoter, and a plasmid was prepared to control the expression of the GFP upon the existing promoter having the O1 and O2 operators. Then, the experiment was carried out by inserting the prepared plasmid into a host of P. denitrificans from which genes between the C4-LysR and the mmsadh was deleted. Accordingly, the expression of the GFP was suppressed by the C4-LysR protein itself. That is, when the C4-LysR is expressed, the GFP expression was reduced by more than 10-fold. In addition, the expression regulation was also constant regardless of the presence of 3-HP. In this regard, it was confirmed that the transcription of C4-LysR mRNA was negatively regulated by the C4-LysR protein. This experiment was repeated by using a promoter that randomized the O1 and O2 operators to eliminate the symmetrical dyad. As a result, in the case where the O1 or O2 operator site was randomized, the GFP expression was not regulated by the C4-LysR protein, referring that the C4-LysR protein in the P. denitrificans strain was negatively regulated by the strain itself.

Meanwhile, the effect of the O1 and O2 operators on the mmsadh gene expression was examined in a similar manner. That is, the C4-LysR protein was constitutively expressed, and a plasmid was prepared so that GFP can be located after a promoter having O1 and O2 promoters. Here, an O1 or O2 operator was mutated so that the symmetrical dyad of an O1 or O2 site was randomized. As a result, when the O1 or O2 site was mutated, the phenomenon of up-regulation of transcription by 3-HP disappeared. That is, it means that the O1 and O2 operators are all essential sites for up-regulation of the expression by 3-HP. Thus, it has been found that the promoter of the present invention is a promoter requiring the presence of the O1 and O2 operators.

TABLE 2 3-HP O1 & O2 Genes tested¹ addition² wildtype ΔC4-LysR O1 mutation³ O2 mutation³ mutation³ C4-LysR w/o 3-HP 1 10 10 1 10 C4-LysR w 3-HP 1 10 10 1 10 mmsadh w/o 3-HP 1  3  3 3  3 mmsadh w 3-HP 55   3  3 3  3 ¹GFP was used as a reporter protein, and that is, a plasmid to which a GFP gene was inserted at a C4-LysR position or a mmsadh position was used. ²3-HP was added in a concentration of 25 mM. ³When O1 and O2 were randomized, C4-LysR used a promoter expressed weakly but constitutively.

Meanwhile, the LTTRs protein was known to consist of an N-terminal which is a DNA binding domain (helix-turn-helix motif), a C-terminal which is a substrate binding domain, and a linker connecting the N-terminal and the C-terminal. The LysR protein forms a homodimer to bind RS and AS, and when an effector molecule (3-HP in the case of the present invention) binds each of the LysR proteins, due to protein-protein interaction between two LTTR dimmers the LTTR forms a tetramer, which in turn causes a structural change in DAN associated with the LysR protein. A derivative specifically binding to the LTTR tetramer is known to cause a structural changes of the LysR protein, and subsequently alter the structure of the promoter region DNA, thereby ultimately helping binding of a RNA polymerase to the promoter (FIG. 8).

When examining the structure of the C4-LysR protein which has been emphasized in the present invention, it was also resulted that the C4-LysR protein consists of an N-terminal which is a DNA binding domain (helix-turn-helix motif), a C-terminal which is a substrate binding domain, and a linker connecting the N-terminal and the C-terminal (FIG. 9). It was found that four amino acids, i.e., Thr-31, Arg-34, Glu-40, and Leu-47, played a key role in the DNA binding domain, and in the substrate binding domain, amino acids that are important for binding 3-HP and amino acids that play an important role in the dimer formation have been identified. Among these amino acids, amino acids that play an important role in the binding to 3-HP were Asp-159, Thr-160, Pro-237, and Phe-239, and amino acids that play an important role in the dimer formation were Ala-60, Gly-91, Arg-94, Pro-118, and Glu-137. In particular, amino acids that play an important role in the dimer formation were all located on the protein surface, except for Pro-118.

To confirm that the LysR protein is a transcriptional regulator, genes encoding the C3 and C4 LysR proteins were removed from P. denitrificans chromosomes, and then, transcription induction of transcriptionally regulated genes (mmsadh, 3hibdhIV, and 3hpdh) was examined. First, when the C4 LysR gene was removed, regardless of the presence of 3-HP, the expression of the mmsadh and 3hibdhIV genes was low, and addition of 3-HP did not increase the expression. When the C3 LysR gene was removed, the expression of the 3hpdh gene was not amplified by addition of 3-HP. However, when C3 LysR or C4 LysR gene was expressed again by using a plasmid in strains from which the C3 LysR or C4 LysR gene was removed (complementation experiment), the gene expression was amplified and restored to the same level as that of the wild type strain upon 3-HP. In this regard, it was confirmed that the C3 LysR protein and the C4 LysR protein were each a transcriptional regulatory protein that regulates the expression of the mmsadh, 3hibdhIV, and 3hpdh in cells.

(3) In Vitro Examination of Binding Characteristics of C4-LysR Protein and O1 and O2 Operator Sites

To examine in vitro characteristics of the C4-LysR protein, the C4-LysR protein having a histidine tag at the C-terminal was produced in E. coli and purified therefrom. First, the His tag was labeled at the C-terminal and the N-terminal, and then, the above-mentioned complementation experiment was carried out. As a result, both cases showed the same performance as the wild type LysR having no His tag. Accordingly, among two recombinant LysR proteins, only the C-His tagged LysR was subjected to biochemical experiment. The recombinant LysR was mostly expressed in an insoluble form in E. coli. Here, detailed optimization experiment for the expression conditions (temperature, pH, medium composition, IPTG concentration, etc) was also carried out. In addition, the influence of the various chaperon proteins also carried out. As a result, a sufficient amount of water-soluble C4-LysR was able to be produced from E. coli at a comparatively low temperature of 25° C. under common conditions with 0.1 M IPTG, an LB medium, and GroEL-ES chaperon (FIG. 10). The purely separated proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE. Here, the size of the C4-LysR was estimated to be about 33 kDa, which was in good match with the predicted size of the gene. However, the result of native gel electrophoresis showed that a dimer was formed in a buffer solution when the protein concentration was high (FIG. 11).

The binding between the genetically recombinant C4-LysR and the promoter DNA through EMSA experiments (FIG. 12). For the EMSA experiments, three DNA fragments were synthesized. F12 (135 bp) is a DNA fragment serving as an entire promoter region between C4-Lys and mmsadh genes and including both O1 and O2 operators; F12M (135 bp) is a DNA fragment including only the O1 operator region; and F1M2 (135 bp) is a DNA fragment including only the O2 operator region. For use as a control group, one fragment was synthesized, wherein the one fragment had the same size as F12, but was designed not to have a palindrome structure by randomizing both O1 and O2 regions. The C4-LysR protein was reacted with the DNA fragments (F12, F12M, and F1M2) and electrophoresis was carried out thereon. As a result, it was observed that the mobility of the DNA fragments decreased (FIG. 12), meaning that the C4-LysR protein binds to the DNA fragments under in vitro conditions. Such a decrease in the mobility was not observed in the control fragment. That is, the binding between C4-LysR and the DNA fragment can be achieved in the presence of base sequences of the DNA fragments, and more particularly, sequences of the O1 and O2 operators. Among the three fragments, F12 showed the highest affinity to the LysR protein, followed by F12M and F1M2. The EMASA experiments were repeated in the presence of 3-HP, and the presence of 3-HP changed affinity. That is, F12 had increased affinity, F1 had barely changed affinity, and F2 had slightly decreased affinity.

When F12 had higher affinity than F12M or F1M2, it means that the binding of O1 and O2 of the LsyR is cooperative. That is, when the LysR protein binds to the O1 site having high affinity, the binding to the O2 site is promoted. The results of the EMSA experiments showed that F12 always had low mobility, compared to F12M or F1M2. In addition, at a low concentration of the LysR, the bane having only one shift was shown, meaning that there is always more LysR proteins bound to F12. That is, when the LysR binds to F12, it means that the LysR binds to both O1 and O2 sites. F12 having higher affinity than F12M or F1M2 and having lower mobility than F12M or F1M2 shows the fact that the binding of the LysR protein to the O1 and O2 sites in F12 was cooperative. From these results of the EMSA experiments, the important properties of the 3-HP inducible promoter can be summarized as follows: (i) the promoter is characterized by having two or more inverted repeat sequence pairs, each consisting of 9 bases, and providing a binding site of the LysR protein; (ii) the LysR protein is able to bind to the promoter regardless of the binding with an inducer molecule, but the improvement in transcription efficiency is only shown by the LysR protein associated with an inducer molecule, wherein the inducer molecule may be 3-HP or 3-HIB and 3-HB that are structurally similar with 3-HP; (iii) the promoter provides a site where two LysR protein dimmers are bound, wherein the binding is cooperative each other; (iv) the promoter provides a structure that can interact with the LysR protein when the RNA polymerase binds thereto; and (v) the promoter includes the O1 and O2 operators, wherein each operator consists of 9 bases and has well conserved inverted repeat sequences.

(4) Virtual Search of 3-HP Inducible Gene Expression System and Analysis of Characteristics of the Expression System

To find out a new 3-HP inducible gene expression system, putative LysR regulatory genes and mmsadh, 3hipdh, 3hpdh, and the like were screened from various microorganisms, based on the gene homology of P. denitrificans. The BlastP similarity search results show that similar 3-HP inducible gene expression systems are present in various microorganisms, and among well-known microorganisms, the presence of a population of genes assumed to be 3HIBDH (C4 system) and 3HPDH(C3 system) was discovered (FIG. 13 and Tables 4 and 5). As a result of structure analysis and comparison of the genes, it was confirmed that each microorganism had various genetic structures.

In a total more than 150 microorganisms, the 3-HP inducible gene expression systems were discovered, and depending on the presence of the C3-LysR and the C4-LysR and the gene arrangement characteristics, the gene expression systems were divided into a total of 16 groups. Among the groups, 9 groups had both C4 the C3 systems, and 7 groups had only the C4 system. A group having only the C3 system was not discovered. In addition, the case of the C3 system, a gene encoding the LysR protein and a gene regulating the expression thereof by the LysR protein were all characterized in that the direction of transcription was opposite. In the case of the C4 system, a gene encoding the LysR protein and a gene regulating the expression thereby of the LysR were mostly characterized in that the direction of transcription was opposite. However, in the microorganisms belonging to Groups 15 and Group 16, the direction of transcription was the same.

The characteristics of the promoter sequences that are reactive to the C3 and C4 LysR proteins were analyzed. In the same manner as in P. denitrificans, two tandem operator sites (designated as O1 and O2) were present. Two operators had a dyad symmetry, wherein each of the inverted repeats consists of 9 bases. Here, the distance between the centers of the dyad symmetry was 50 bases, so that when the LysR protein binds to the O1 and O2 operator sites, the LysR protein was spaced to bind in the same direction. In addition, the 9 bases within the inverted repeat sequence was well conserved in many microorganisms.

The palindromic binding site to the LysR that is reactive to 3-HP was conserved in various microorganisms. However, depending on species, only the O1 operator, i.e., a primary/repression binding site (PBS/RBS), was conserved (Table 3). In addition, in all species, PBS including the conserved T-N_(11/12)-A motif and having high affinity was present adjacent to positions −65 and −75 relative to a transcription start site (TSS). That is, the O2 operator, i.e., a secondary/activation binding site (SBS/ABS) motif, had low sequence conservation, so that in silico prediction of the ABS motif is complex and difficult. The RBS and ABS sites were each reported to play a key role in autogenic inhibition and activation. Despite having a common function as proteins that are reactive to 3-HP, the 3-HP-LysR protein had low sequence similarity among other genus and had high sequence similarity within the same genus. Therefore, it is not logically wrong that the DNA sequence of the operator region to which the LysR protein binds is different among different genus. Here, transcription factors (promoters; −10 and −35 regions) were predicted by using BPROM and BDGP tools.

The 9 base sequences shown in Table 3 refer to the conserved regions corresponding to the binding sites to the LysR that is reactive to 3-HP in each genus, wherein the capital letters are bases that appear to be conserved in all target subjects.

TABLE 3 Repressive Binding Site   (T-N_(11/12)-A Genus motif) # Representatives Achromobacter CAcAcATct 4 Acidovorax TcGCAcAcC 3 Acinetobacter GTcaAaGAT 7 Advenella TTGCAaATT 4 Aeromonas GGGcAaaCA 2 Alcaligenes CAcAcATct 5 Alcanivorax AgCAGCATG 2 Alicycliphilus TGCaAAGcc 2 Anaeromyxobacter GGGaCGacG 3 Azospirillum gTGCCcGCG 4 Azotobacter gTatcGAGC 4 Beijerinckia ATTgcCgTG 3 Bordetella gTTtCGTtG 6 Bradyrhizobium AtATATcaG 3 Brucella AaaAAtGCa 3 Burkholderia GCCtACacT 16 Corynebacterium CACCTtTgC 6 Cupriavidus AGTtCAgcG 3 Delftia GCAAAAAcg 3 Ferrimonas GCGGTTTTa 2 Glaciecola TgAaTtGAC 3 Gordonia GAaaCCGGC 2 Halomonas tACACacAA 3 Janthinobacterium TtCGcATTa 3 Marinobacter CAgaAgGcT 2 Methylocystis CGAtCgACC 2 Phenylobaculum GTcCCGCtC 2 Pseudomonas TTGCAcatC 24 Ralstonia GCCtACacT 5 Shewanella gTTcGcgTA 6 Sinorhizobium TcGgAAaTT 2 Sphingobium CgcACaAcC 2 Stenotrophomonas GgcCaGATT 2 Tistrella CCGGcgGcG 3 Variovorax gTcTATTgT 2 Verminephrobacter CgTGgcCGA 2 Vibrio TGcaCcgTT 6 Xanthobacter CTgtGCACa 2 Xanthomonas GcgGTGGgC 6 # Representitives: The number of species identified as having the same repressive binding site (RBS) within the genus.

TABLE 4 Comparison of enzyme protein sequence homology for C4-LysR, MMSADH, and 3HIBDH Genbank ID C4-LysR MMSADH 3HIBDH C4-LysR Enzyme Source Size Identity Size Identity Size Identity MMSADH Enzyme Source (AA) (%) (AA) (%) (AA) (%) 3HIBDH Achromobacter sp. 306 47 497 67 296 56 WP_013392250.1 WP_020924676.1 WP_046807163.1 Acidovorax 295 59 507 82 299 54 WP_019701544.1 avenae subsp. WP_019701545.1 WP_019701549.1 Acidovorax sp. 301 60 507 82 296 55 WP_005799303.1 WP_008905850.1 WP_026437393.1 Acinetobacter 293 49 505 70 296 59 WP_005014261.1 baumannii WP_039237888.1 WP_005025914.1 Aeromonas 304 36 503 58 306 55 WP_029302009.1 hydrophilia WP_042863805.1 WP_017784754.1 Agrobacterium sp. 293 37 518 47 294 45 NA Alcaligenes faecalis 297 45 497 60 298 55 WP_026483089.1 WP_045930222.1 WP_026483274.1 Alcanivorax 302 39 498 56 287 48 WP_008927645.1 hongdengensis WP_008929937.1 WP_040297229.1 Alicycliphilus 304 58 505 81 298 53 WP_013519376.1 denitrificans WP_013519377.1 WP_013519381.1 Alteromonas 294 35 496 48 291 62 WP_039223538.1 marina WP_039216373.1 WP_039223543.1 Anaeromyxobacter 313 31 491 53 293 29 WP_012631783.1 dehalogenans ABC82015.1 WP_011419642.1 Azospirillum 291 33 499 51 296 53 EZQ04117.1 brasilensse WP_014241748.1 WP_035679372.1 Azotobacter 296 72 501 92 297 79 WP_012699721.1 vinelandii WP_012699726.1 WP_012699724.1 Beijerinckia 301 43 509 50 295 52 WP_012383627.1 indica WP_012383190.1 WP_012383623.1 Bordetella avium 307 48 497 66 294 58 WP_012416822.1 WP_012416824.1 WP_012417430.1 Bradyrhizobium 302 42 498 49 296 50 WP_024338218.1 japonicum WP_024338217.1 WP_028153398.1 Burkholderia 319 47 509 74 300 65 WP_012365776.1 ambifaria WP_012366631.1 WP_006761413.1 Catenulispora 296 35 504 42 301 41 NA acidiphila Caulobacter sp. 295 31 498 45 295 43 NA Castellaniella 303 46 497 64 297 59 WP_043685951.1 defragrans WP_043680927.1 WP_043682533.1 Chromobacterium 305 41 500 79 296 58 WP_043617011.1 violaceum WP_045051895.1 WP_043613761.1 Collimonas arenae 319 47 502 67 297 54 AIY40998. 1 WP_038487725.1 WP_038487728.1 Comamonas 300 54 507 83 298 52 WP_034389635.1 testosteroni WP_003075837.1 WP_043003783.1 Corynebacterium 304 28 504 51 291 42 WP_025251982.1 vitaeruminis WP_025251535.1 WP_025251536.1 Cupriavidus 308 40 507 73 296 66 WP_042881289.1 necator WP_042878263.1 WP_042878261.1 Carvibacter gracilus 296 60 505 82 294 54 WP_027474562.1 WP_027474565.1 WP_027474567.1 Delftia 300 54 507 82 298 53 WP_034393435.1 acidovorans WP_012205523.1 WP_016453478.1 Ferrimonas 284 25 497 55 296 51 ADN76259.1 balearica WP_013344534.1 WP_013344538.1 Glaciecola 281 28 496 56 295 47 WP_014109619.1 nitratireducens WP_014108982.1 WP_014108979.1 Gordonia 298 32 513 48 289 46 WP_041920477.1 bronchialis WP_012835581.1 WP_012835579.1 Hahella chejuensis 302 28 498 51 296 51 NA Halomonas elongata 315 44 499 67 300 53 WP_013331269.1 WP_013331270.1 WP_013332181.1 Hirschia sp. 294 37 498 43 293 45 NA Idiomarina sp. 312 28 499 57 297 52 WP_007420015.1 WP_034729012.1 WP_007419652.1 Janthinobacterium 305 46 502 75 297 53 WP_034757572.1 lividum WP_034778805.1 WP_034757584.1 Kitasatospora setae 304 31 508 43 298 40 NA Kutzneria albida 300 35 501 45 284 44 NA Methylobacterium 302 41 499 47 297 47 NA sp. Methylocystis sp. 294 30 498 48 295 46 WP_036241816.1 WP_036286001.1 WP_036289118.1 Novosphingobium 316 39 499 45 289 45 NA sp. Oceanimonas 288 28 497 58 297 47 WP_019933245.1 smirnovii WP_019933168.1 WP_019933171.1 Paracoccus sp. 297 38 533 46 302 45 NA Parvibaculum 304 30 500 52 296 57 WP_041536697.1 lavamentivorans WP_041536463.1 WP_012111823.1 Phenylobacterium 282 32 498 52 298 49 WP_041374440.1 koreense WP_012520768.1 WP_012522231.1 Photobacterium 303 26 502 53 303 44 NA gaetbuleda Polynucleobacter 291 49 500 79 298 66 ABP34774.1 necessarius ABP34773.1 asymbioticus ABP34771.1 Pseudoalteromonas 299 29 496 55 299 52 WP_009840151.1 carrageenovora WP_010381506.1 WP_033103466.1 Pseudogulbenkiania 320 46 500 79 298 59 WP_008953966.1 sp. WP_008954515.1 WP_014086932.1 Pseudomonas 298 100  501 100  291 100  WP_015477414.1 denitrificans WP_015477415.1 ATCC13867 WP_015477416.1 Pseudomonas 298  95% 504 93 291 92 WP_043252263.1 knackmussii WP_043252261.1 WP_043252259.1 Pseudomonas 316 45 508 73 295 62 WP_041751937.1 protegens WP_011059111.1 WP_015634046.1 Pseudomonas 315 45 505 73 295 60 WP_034128788.1 fluorescens WP_046055588.1 WP_034128786.1 Pseudoxanthomonas 297 27 501 79 297 57 WP_014159583.1 spadix WP_014159749.1 WP_014159753.1 Psychrobacter 302 27 495 71 314 52 WP_028859590.1 phenylpyruvicus WP_028859166.1 WP_028859170.1 Ralstonia oxalatica 298 30 515 73 301 65 NA Rhodomicrobium 296 30 496 48 296 48 NA vannielli Segniliparus 300 25 509 51 300 46 WP_013137524.1 rotundus WP_013137611.1 WP_013137610.1 Shewanella 291 24 499 55 300 51 WP_011072126.1 oneidensis WP_011071828.1 WP_011071832.1 Simiduia 297 29 505 55 296 47 NA agarivorans Sinorhizobium 315 40 498 50 298 52 WP_018099720.1 meliloti WP_027990465.1 WP_027991426.1 Sphingobium 292 43 499 49 294 48 WP_037446180.1 chlorophenolicum WP_037456635.1 WP_037446174.1 Sphingomonas 325 43 503 44 296 46 NA wittichi Sphingopyxis 310 36 497 45 291 44 NA alaskensis Stenotrophomonas 289 32 501 80 296 57 WP_044569661.1 maltophilia WP_019185504.1 WP_005407687.1 Tatlockia micdadei 293 22 499 45 295 47 WP_045099921.1 WP_045098082.1 WP_045098081.1 Thalassospira 295 38 499 45 296 48 NA xiamenensis Variovorax 298 60 507 82 300 55 WP_018905631.1 paradoxus WP_012748355.1 WP_012748351.1 Verminephrobacter 298 26 507 78 299 51 WP_011807819.1 eiseniae WP_011811243.1 WP_011811250.1 Vibrio furnissii 304 25 520 57 300 49 WP_014257826.1 WP_041943477.1 WP_004727845.1 Xanthobacter 307 44 498 50 299 51 WP_012114222.1 autotrophicus WP_012114221.1 WP_041575420.1 Xanthomonas 301 29 501 77 295 58 WP_044099340.1 campestri WP_003488244.1 WP_003488236.1 Xanthomonas oryzae 304 27 501 77 300 57 WP_024711534.1 WP_044750113.1 WP_024744051.1

TABLE 5 Comparison of enzyme protein sequence homology for C3-LysR and 3HPDH Genbank C3-LysR 3HPDH accession Iden- Iden- no Size tity Size tity C3-LysR Enzyme Source (AA) (%) (AA) (%) 3HPDH Achromobacter sp. 306 45 547 65 WP_006223849.1 WP_006225226.1 Acidovorax avenae 295 45 564 59 WP_013595009.1 WP_013592873.1 Acidovorax sp. 301 44 556 61 WP_020229646.1 WP_020229941.1 Acinetobacter 293 40 534 39 WP_000861803.1 baumannii WP_032868291.1 Alcaligenes 297 42 555 64 WP_026483089.1 faecalis ADT64694.1 Alcanivorax 290 27 531 42 WP_008929468.1 hongdengensis WP_008927596.1 Alicychphilus 304 44 560 60 WP_013519376.1 denitrificans WP_013721241.1 Alteromonas 294 36 550 43 WP_039223538.1 marina WP_039222748.1 Azospirillum 391 35 537 36 WP_040137273.1 brasilense WP_035676856.1 Bordetella avium 307 45 540 66 WP_012416822.1 WP_012415815.1 Bradyrhizobium 302 41 539 57 WP_024338218.1 japonicum WP_028143201.1 Burkholderia 323 38 567 60 WP_006754369.1 ambifaria WP_011659279.1 Castellaniella 303 42 537 63 WP_043685951.1 defragrans WP_043679553.1 Chromobacterium 305 54 556 68 WP_043617011.1 violaceum WP_043617013.1 Collimonas arenae 319 44 541 61 AIY40998.1 WP_038494339.1 Comamonas 300 39 555 69 WP_043003771.1 testosteroni WP_012836757.1 Cupriavidus 308 38 554 61 WP_042881289.1 necator WP_042883575.1 Carvibacter 296 45 575 57 WP_027474562.1 gracilus WP_027477384.1 Delftia 300 41 575 59 WP_034393435.1 acidovorans WP_043780341.1 Glaciecola 310 23 533 41 WP_014110217.1 nitratireducens WP_014110368.1 Gordonia 298 24 443 42 WP_041920477.1 bronchialis WP_012835455.1 Halomonas 315 42 551 61 WP_013331269.1 elongata WP_013332997.1 Idiomarina sp. 303 25 564 37 WP_008487425.1 WP_034821838.1 Janthinobacterium 305 44 541 62 WP_034788899.1 lividum WP_010393822.1 Parvibaculum 304 28 548 40 WP_041536697.1 lavamentivorans WP_041536013.1 Polynucleobacter 291 41 539 58 ABP34774.1 necessarius ABP33573.1 asymbioticus Pseudogulbenkiania 320 42 547 42 WP_014086927.1 sp. WP_014087291.1 Pseudomonas 304 100 554 100 WP_015478424.1 denitrificans WP_015478425.1 ATCC13867 Pseudomonas 301 89 552 85 WP_043249755.1 knackmussii WP_043249752.1 Pseudomonas 297 71 548 75 WP_041117574.1 protegens WP_011060785.1 Pseudomonas 294 72 548 76 WP_046048946.1 fluorescens WP_038984218.1 Pseudoxanthomonas 307 28 545 43 WP_043290476.1 spadix WP_014160845.1 Psychrobacter 302 25 565 40 WP_028859810.1 phenylpyruvicus WP_028859590.1 Segnihparus 300 26 516 37 WP_013139368.1 rotundus WP_013137524.1 Sinorhizobium 315 37 531 77 WP_018094277.1 meliloti WP_010970328.1 Sphingobium 292 38 544 40 WP_037446180.1 chlorophenolicum WP_037446228.1 Stenotrophomonas 289 29 534 44 WP_037590748.1 maltophilia WP_044569661.1 Variovorax 298 44 544 61 WP_018905631.1 paradoxus WP_042580440.1 Verminephrobacter 306 28 556 59 WP_011812258.1 eiseniae WP_011808703.1 Vibrio furnissii 295 27 573 39 WP_004729245.1 WP_004724290.1 Xanthobacter 307 43 556 56 ABS68474.1 autotrophicus WP_012114222.1 Xanthomonas 304 30 556 53 WP_033484874.1 campestris WP_011038502.1

The analysis of the LysR protein was performed in the same manner. As a result BLAST search for the C4 LysR and C3 LysR sequences from the non-redundant NCBI database, it was confirmed that there were 126 and 132 sequences that were homologous to the DNA-binding helix-turn-helix region. FIGS. 14 and 15 show the multiple sequence alignments of these sequences. As a result of the sequence alignments, it was confirmed that a significant portion of the LysR sequences was found to be highly conserved, and that the LysR sequences were also found to be conserved at a high level in other microorganisms. That is, it is suggested that most microorganisms use LysR in cells. In addition, the helix-turn-helix region assumed to bind strongly to the inverted repeat sequences of the operator region in the 3-HP expression promoter in all C4 LysR and C3 LysR sequences was found. In this helix-turn-helix region, four residues, such as Thr-31, Arg-34, Glu-40, and Leu-47, are well conserved. The conserved amino acid residues are considered as important parts in strong interaction upon binding between the LysR protein and DNA (FIG. 9).

To further examine protein-ligand interaction between LysR and 3-HP, homology modeling and docking experiments were carried out. First, a structure available from the PDB database was used, and as a result of comparing sequence similarity of C4-LysR and C3-LysR in P. denitrificans using the structure, the sequence similarity of 35% or less was shown (PDB ID: 3SZP, 24% identical). Therefore, the modeling of the C4-LysR and the C3-LysR was carried out according to a threading method using MUSTER and LOMET server. As a result, the predicted C4-LysR and C3-LysR models were purified and verified using RAMPAGE, and it was confirmed by Ramachandran plot that 98% of the amino acid residues were in the appropriate region. Then, the active sites to which 3-HP binds in C4-LysR and C3-LysR were predicted by using COACH. Here, the valid models and the residues at the predicted active sites were used to perform docking experiments in the Maestro program on SCHRODINGER™. Target proteins (C4-LysR and C3-LysR) and a ligand (3-HP) were each examined by using Protein Preparation Wizard and LigPrep Wizard. To produce a grid box, a receptor grid generation tool was used, and ligand docking was performed in the produced grid box by using standard precision (SP) and eXtra precision (XP) docking settings. Consequently, the excellent docking pose was shown when having a docking score of 5.01 for C4-LysR and a docking score of 3.74 for C3-LysR. It was also confirmed that C4-LysR and C3-LysR had interaction with 3-HP and several molecules. Among amino acid residues of C4-LysR, it was examined that Asp-159, Thr-160, Pro-237, and Phe-239 had hydrogen bonding with 3-HP, and ARG24 had hydrophobic interaction with 3-HP (FIG. 9). Among amino acid residues of C3-LysR, it was examined that LEU74, THR190, and THR28 had hydrogen bonding, and THR73, VAL150, PRO167, PHE127, and PHE169 had hydrophobic interaction. Unlike the prediction that there is no interaction between 3-HP and LysR, the docking results interestingly show that 3-HP had strong interaction with a substrate binding domain (ARG94, LYS96, and GLU137) and a helix-turn-helix domain (ARG24) in C4-LysR. In a similar manner, THR28 (helix-turn-helix domain) of C3-LysR was found to have strong interaction with 3-HP. In particular, in a substrate binding domain, in addition to the 3-HP bonding, amino acids that play an important role in the dimer formation have been identified, and the identified amino acids are Ala-60, Gly-91, Arg-94, Pro-118, and Glu-137. In particular, amino acids that play an important role in the dimer formation were all located on the protein surface, except for Pro-118. In this regard, when 3-HP directly affects LysR and causes dimerization of LysR, LysR undergoing dimerization binds to DNA and highly regulates transcription of the 3-HP degrading genes located below the LysR gene.

(5) 3-HP Degradation and Expression of 3-HP Inducible Genes by Microorganisms Having 3-HP Inducible Genes

According to the gene structure analysis, the 3-HP degradation pathway was found to be present in various microorganisms. To evaluate the 3-HP degradation ability of various microorganisms, cells were suspended in a 100 mM phosphate solution containing 25 mmol/L of 3-HP and allowed to degrade 3-HP for 24 hours (Table 6). As a result, there was a difference in 3-HP degrading rates depending on the microorganisms, but all of the microorganisms were found to effectively degrade 3-HP. The transcription levels of the 3-HP degrading genes (3hpdh, 3hibdh, and mmsadh) were evaluated depending on the presence of 3-HP (Table 7). As shown in Table 7, 3-HP increased the expression of the 3hpdh, 3hibdh, and mmsadh genes by 6-fold, 14-fold, and 16-fold, respectively in the microorganisms. Such results refer that the 3-HP inducible systems are common in various microorganisms. Meanwhile, in comparison with P. denitrificans, the rate of transcription increase in other microorganisms was about 10 times lower than that of P. denitrificans, probably due to differences in culture conditions. That is, except for P. denitrificans, to improve the growth of other microorganisms, the microorganisms were cultured in a medium supplemented with a large amount of complex nitrogen source, but in this case, in addition to 3-HP, amino acids included in the complex nitrogen source or degradation products of the amino acids activated the transcription of 3hpdh, 3hibdh, and mmsadh at a certain point under conditions where 3-HP was not present so that the amount of the transcription was able to be highly maintained even in the absence of 3-HP.

TABLE 6 3-HP degradation of dormant cells 3-HP Genus degraded No. Strains (mM)^(a) 1 Achromobacter denitrificans 18.40 2 Acidovorax avenae subsp. 20.43 Acidovorax sp. 16.60 3 Acinetobacter baumannii 18.76 4 Aeromonas hydrophilia 17.88 5 Agrobacterium sp. 20.54 6 Alcaligenes faecalis 19.32 7 Alcanivorax hongdengensis 24.51 8 Alicychphilus denitrificans 20.62 9 Alteromonas marina 20.42 10 Amycolatopsis sp. 21.13 11 Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 23.14 12 Azospirillum brasilensse 17.96 13 Azotobacter vinelandii 19.44 14 Beijerinckia indica 23.13 15 Bordetella avium 23.87 16 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 21.67 17 Burkholderia ambifaria 18.33 18 Catenulispora acidiphilia 19.45 19 Caulobacter sp. 22.34 20 Castellaniella defragrans 13.97 21 Chromobacterium violaceum 14.56 22 Collimonas arenae 16.11 23 Comamonas testosteroni 15.96 24 Corynebacterium vitaeruminis 17.35 25 Cupriavidus necator 18.46 26 Curvibacter gracilus 19.12 27 Delftia acidovorans 15.89 28 Ferrimonas balearica 17.32 29 Glaciecola nitratireducens 16.57 30 Gordonia bronchialis 18.41 31 Hahella chijuensis 17.59 32 Halomonas elongata 19.14 33 Hirschia litorea 18.47 34 Idiomarina sp. 17.86 35 Janthinobacterium lividum 18.02 36 Kitasatospora setae 19.05 37 Kutzneria albida 21.14 38 Methylobacterium sp. 23.04 39 Methylocystis sp. 16.97 40 Novosphingobium sp. 15.87 41 Oceanimonas smirnovii 15.91 42 Paracoccus sp. 17.96 43 Parvibaculum lavamentivorans 18.02 44 Phenylobacterium kunshanensis 17.56 45 Photobacterium gaetbuleda 19.04 46 Polynucleobacter necessarius asymbioticus 16.97 47 Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora 19.03 48 Pseudogulbenkiania sp. 7.36 49 Pseudomonas denitrificans ATCC13867 20.53 Pseudomonas knackmussii 7.42 Pseudomonas protegens 25.24 Pseudomonas fluorescens 24.41 50 Pseudoxanthomonas spadix 23.01 51 Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus 20.17 52 Ralstonia oxalatica 18.09 53 Rhodomicrobium vannielli 19.42 54 Segnihparus rotundus 8.96 55 Shewanella oneidensis 10.14 56 Simiduia agarovorans 23.78 57 Sinorhizobium meliloti 13.87 58 Sphingobium chlorophenolicum 14.76 59 Sphingomonas wittichii 21.04 60 Sphingopyxis alaskensis 23.56 61 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 15.34 62 Streptomyces nodosus 21.13 63 Tatlockia micdadei 17.81 64 Thalassospira xiamenensis 18.88 65 Variovorax paradoxus 19.34 66 Verminephrobacter eiseniae 17.04 67 Vibrio furnissii 16.98 68 Xanthobacter autotrophicus 15.92 69 Xanthomonas campestri 14.37 Xanthomonas oryzae 13.88 ^(a)The amount of 3-HP degraded was calculated between 0 and 24 h.

TABLE 7 Relative mRNA levels of 3-HP degrading genes 3hpdh 3hibdh mmsadh Genus No. Strains − + − + − + Genus No. Strains 3-HP 3-HP 3-HP 3-HP 3-HP 3-HP 1 Achromobacter denitrificans 0.04 0.24 0.31 6.40 0.24 6.34 2 Acidovorax avenae subsp. 0.05 0.28 0.34 5.97 0.21 5.98 Acidovorax sp. 0.02 0.31 0.33 6.76 0.36 6.04 3 Acinetobacter baumannii 0.01 0.19 0.35 6.02 0.27 5.76 4 Aeromonas hydrophilia — — 0.37 6.17 0.32 6.14 5 Agrobacterium sp. 0.01 0.27 0.36 6.27 0.41 6.56 6 Alcaligenes faecalis 0.04 0.26 0.39 5.87 0.28 5.73 7 Alcanivorax hongdengensis 0.03 0.27 0.33 6.74 0.37 6.58 8 Alicychphilus denitrificans 0.07 0.30 0.31 7.01 0.25 6.01 9 Alteromonas marina 0.06 0.34 0.34 6.09 0.22 5.73 10 Amycolatopsis sp. — — 0.32 5.96 0.24 6.05 11 Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans — — 0.37 6.43 0.28 5.44 12 Azospirillum brasilensse 0.05 0.41 0.36 6.54 0.33 6.05 13 Azotobacter vinelandii — — 0.38 6.73 0.31 5.87 14 Beijerinckia indica — — 0.34 6.59 0.29 5.01 15 Bordetella avium 0.08 0.45 0.31 6.04 0.24 4.98 16 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 0.07 0.52 0.41 7.21 0.34 5.49 17 Burkholderia ambifaria 0.03 0.31 0.29 5.94 0.21 5.13 18 Catenulispora acidiphilia 0.05 0.41 0.32 5.84 0.25 5.24 19 Caulobacter sp. 0.04 0.45 0.35 5.96 0.24 5.96 20 Castellaniella defragrans — — 0.45 7.43 0.37 5.98 21 Chromobacterium violaceum 0.02 0.25 0.38 7.02 0.32 6.31 22 Collimonas arenae — — 0.37 7.20 0.30 5.87 23 Comamonas testosteroni 0.04 0.24 0.28 5.88 0.21 4.96 24 Corynebacterium vitaeruminis 0.03 0.28 0.47 6.99 0.34 5.89 25 Cupriavidus necator 0.02 0.21 0.42 6.84 0.33 6.05 26 Curvibacter gracilus — — 0.29 5.76 0.19 3.99 27 Delftia acidovorans — — 0.33 6.34 0.26 4.03 28 Ferrimonas balearica — — 0.41 7.04 0.34 5.17 29 Glaciecola nitratireducens 0.05 0.30 0.36 7.11 0.29 4.81 30 Gordonia bronchialis 0.04 0.29 0.45 6.99 0.33 5.21 31 Hahella chijuensis 0.03 0.28 0.42 6.81 0.34 5.97 32 Halomonas elongata 0.06 0.32 0.27 5.41 0.19 4.34 33 Hirschia litorea 0.05 0.34 0.29 6.19 0.18 4.56 34 Idiomarina sp. 0.08 0.42 0.47 7.21 0.32 5.43 35 Janthinobacterium lividum 0.03 0.33 0.41 6.98 0.29 5.01 36 Kitasatospora setae 0.04 0.36 0.39 6.46 0.25 5.25 37 Kutzneria albida 0.03 0.41 0.35 5.96 0.24 5.61 38 Methylobacterium sp. 0.05 0.45 0.33 6.02 0.23 598 39 Methylocystis sp. — — 0.32 6.51 0.21 4.91 40 Novosphingobium sp. 0.04 0.39 0.29 5.98 0.25 6.04 41 Oceanimonas smirnovii 0.02 0.24 0.36 6.44 0.28 4.88 42 Paracoccus sp. 0.03 0.25 0.34 6.32 0.27 4.96 43 Parvibaculum lavamentivorans 0.04 0.28 0.46 7.31 0.32 4.99 44 Phenylobacterium kunshanensis 0.06 0.33 0.41 7.43 0.33 5.02 45 Photobacterium gaetbuleda — — 0.36 7.02 0.29 5.06 46 Polynucleobacter necessarius 0.09 0.45 0.39 6.99 0.27 5.37 asymbioticus 47 Pseudoalteromonas carrgeenovora — — 0.29 5.76 0.21 5.03 48 Pseudogulbenkiania sp. 0.04 0.26 0.32 5.98 0.23 5.36 49 Pseudomonas denitrificans 0.03 0.23 0.39 6.20 0.26 5.43 ATCC13867 Pseudomonas knackmussii 0.03 0.25 0.41 6.81 0.35 5.96 Pseudomonas protegens 0.02 0.19 0.28 5.62 0.21 5.01 Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.04 0.27 0.26 5.81 0.18 4.70 50 Pseudoxanthomonas spadix — — 0.31 5.99 0.27 4.96 51 Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus 0.08 0.37 0.43 7.04 0.31 5.03 52 Ralstonia oxalatica — — 0.40 7.21 0.34 5.21 53 Rhodomicrobium vannielli 0.05 0.41 0.39 7.01 0.32 6.02 54 Segniliparus rotundus 0.07 0.27 0.25 5.81 0.19 4.32 55 Shewanella oneidensis 0.05 0.28 0.25 5.81 0.19 4.07 56 Simiduia agarovorans 0.03 0.29 0.23 5.76 0.21 4.87 57 Sinorhizobium meliloti — — 0.24 5.79 0.16 4.07 58 Sphingobium chlorophenolicum 0.06 0.33 0.33 5.99 0.23 4.86 59 Sphingomonas wittichii 0.03 0.45 0.31 7.02 0.32 6.42 60 Sphingopyxis alaskensis — — 0.35 7.00 0.35 6.94 61 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 0.04 0.31 0.29 6.02 0.24 5.21 62 Streptomyces nodosus 0.07 0.39 0.43 6.72 0.34 5.14 63 Tatlockia micdadei — — 0.47 6.61 0.36 5.65 64 Thalassospira xiamenensis — — 0.32 7.02 0.33 6.10 65 Variovorax paradoxus — — 0.38 6.59 0.28 4.97 66 Verminephrobacter eiseniae 0.08 0.43 0.42 6.43 0.30 5.14 67 Vibrio furnissii 0.05 0.39 0.39 6.03 0.27 4.91 68 Xanthobacter autotrophicus 0.04 0.27 0.27 6.23 0.21 5.41 69 Xanthomonas campestri 0.03 0.25 0.24 5.81 0.18 5.09 Xanthomonas oryzae 0.02 0.19 0.45 6.43 0.34 5.19

Analysis of 3-HP inducible promoters was performed on the microorganism above. In the same manner as in P. denitrificans of the previous case, all of the promoters had O1 and O2 operator sequences, and it was confirmed that these sequences had a palindromic structure consisting of 9 bases. Although no further studies on these sequences have been made yet, binding to the LysR protein was expected in the same manner as in P. denitrificans.

In conclusion, to improve the 3-HP production in a biological manner, it is necessary to continuously produce new enzymes with enzyme activity. In the present invention, transcriptional regulators that are reactive to 3-HP and promoters have been screened from microorganisms including P. denitrificans, wherein the transcriptional regulators and promoters consist of LysR proteins and specific gene sequences binding to the LysR proteins. In addition, in the presence of 3-HP, it was found that the LysR family transcriptional regulator up-regulated the expression of the corresponding genes. The molecular modeling and docking experiments showed the presence of important residues for C4-LysR (ARG94, LYS96, GLU137, and ARG24) and C3-LysR (LEU74, THR190, THR28, THR73, VAL150, PRO167, PHE127, and PHE169). Therefore, the 3-HP inducible system is expected to be effectively used to regulate the 3-HP metabolic pathway.

<Example 2> Optimization of 3-HP Production Pathway in P. denitrificans

1. Strains, Plasmids, and Experimental Materials

Bacterial species and plasmids used in the present study were shown in Table 8. An E. coli strain was provided from KCTC and a P. denitrificans strain was provided from ATCC. E. coli XL1-Blue was used for plasmid cloning and maintenance. A genome DNA separation kit and a pGEM-T vector were purchased from Promega (Madison, Wis., USA), a high-performance pfx polymerase was purchased from Invitrogen (Seoul, Korea), a DNA modification enzyme was purchased from New England Bio-Labs (Beverly, Mass., USA), and a Miniprep and DNA gel extraction kit was purchased from Qiagen (Mannheim, Germany). In addition, primers were purchased from Cosmogenetech Co. Ltd. (Seoul, Korea), bacto tryptone and yeast extract were purchased from Difco (Becton Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, N.J., USA), and other chemicals and enzymes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA).

TABLE 8 Bacterial species and plasmids used in the present study Analysis contents Source Strains E. coli Cloning host KCTC, DH5α Korea P. denitrificans P. denitrificans ATCC13867; ATCC, wt Source for 3hibdhIV and America 3hpdh promoters and terminators Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIV P. dentirificans ATCC13867 Zhou et Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIV double al. 2014 mutant strain Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIV P. dentirificans ATCC13867 This Δ3hibdhI Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI study triple mutant strain Plasmids pGEM-T lacZa; cloning vector; pGEM 5zf(+) Promega derivative; 3T-overhang; Amp^(r) pUCP19 ColE1-ori; pRO1614-ori; broad-host-range West et cloning vector; Amp^(r) al. 1994 pUCPK/ KGSADH gene amplified from pQKS1 This P_(C3)-dhaB-gdrAB, were overlapped with 3hibdhIV study P_(C4)-KGSADH promoter and terminator and cloned in pUCPK/Pc3-dhaB-gdrAB; Km^(r) pUCPK/ gdrAB and dhaB gene order were switched and This P_(C3)-gdrAB-dhaB, cloned in pUCPK/Pc4-KGSADH,; Km^(r) study P_(C4)-KGSADH

2. Development of Δ3HpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI Deletion Mutant Strain of P. denitrificans

To understand the role of the 3-HP degrading genes, 3hibdhI was removed from the chromosome of P. denitrificans Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIV. A target gene was deleted therefrom based on a sacB negative counter-selection system. A sacB-Km cassette was introduced to NdeI and XbaI restriction sites of pQE-80L to prepare a pQSAK plasmid which is to be used for removal of the target gene. The genome DNA of P. denitrificans was used to obtain a DNA fragment including ˜700 bp upstream and downstream of the target gene by PCR. After DNA sequencing thereon, the DNA fragment was cloned into a pGEM-T vector. Afterwards, sub-cloning into the pQSAK plasmid was made again, and then, a mutant strain of P. denitrificans was developed through two rounds of recombination. The mutant strain was re-identified by PCR and sequencing performed thereon. The mutant strains thus obtained was designated as P. denitrificans Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI.

3. Plasmid Construction

A gene encoding glycerol dehydratase and reactivation enzyme was amplified by using a pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH plasmid, and an expression cassette was constructed by cloning a C3 promoter and a C3 terminator onto promoters at the 5′-end and 3′-end of gdrAB and dhab123 genes, respectively. The expression cassette was replicated at XbaI and SacI restriction sites of the pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH plasmid, and a resulting plasmid was designated as pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH. The pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH plasmid thus obtained was transformed with P. denitrificans Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI, and finally, a Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH) plasmid was constructed (FIG. 16).

4. Determination of Enzyme Activity

The DhaB activity can be measured by measuring the KGSADH enzyme activity. 1 unit of the DhaB activity is defined as the amount of enzyme required to reduce 1 μmol of NAD+ to NADH for 1 minute. Briefly, first, 20 ul of 26 U/mg NAD+-dependent KGSADH was cultured at a temperature of 37° C. for 5 minutes in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) (total volume of 1 mL) containing 1 mM DTT, 15 uM coenzyme B12, 3 mM MgCl₂, and 1.5 mM ATP. Here, KGSADH contained 25% glycerol. A reaction was started by the addition of an appropriate amount of a cell extract containing 1.5 mM NAD+ and DhaB preheated at a temperature of 37° C., and was observed through changes in absorbance of NADH. The KGSADH activity was determined according to the method reported by Dr. Raj by measuring the reduction from NAD+ to NADH at 340. A reaction mixture including 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 1 mM DTT, and an appropriate amount of an enzyme extract was cultured at a temperature of 37° C. for 5 minutes, and a reaction was initiated by the addition of 2.0 mM 3-HPA and 2.0 mM NAD+. The amount of NADH was determined by using 6.22×10³ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ of molar extinction coefficient (Δε340). 1 unit activity of KGSADH is defined as the amount of enzyme required to reduce 1 μmol of NAD+ to NADH for 1 minute. All enzyme activities were measured by using a crude cell extract.

5. Culture Medium and Culture Conditions

Unless otherwise stated, shaking culture was performed by using a 250 mL non-baffled Erlenmeyer flask containing 20 mL of a culture broth at a speed of 200 rpm at a temperature of 30° C. Here, an M9 culture medium supplemented with, per liter, MgSO₄, 0.25 g; NaCl, 1.0 g; NH₄Cl, 1.0 g; yeast extract, 1 g; glycerol, 100 mmol; L-glutamate, 5 g; tryptone, 2 g; and glucose 2.5 g was used, and the medium contained 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). If necessary, 12 μmol/L of coenzyme B12 was additionally injected, and then, the flask was sealed with an oxygen-permeable sponge plug. For the measure of cell mass, residual substrates, and metabolites, sampling was periodically done, and all shaking culture experiments were repeated three times, wherein a standard deviation of biomass and metabolites was less than 10%. The bioreactor experiments were carried out in a 1-L working volume in a 1.5-L capacity Biotron-LiFlus GM bioreactor (Biotron, Seoul, Korea).

An M9 culture medium for the bioreactor experiments was supplemented with, per liter, MgSO₄.H₂O, 0.25 g; NaCl, 1.0 g; NH₄Cl, 1.0 g; yeast extract, 1 g; L-glutamate, 5 g; tryptone, 2 g; casamino acids, 2 g; glucose 2.5 g, and trace element solution, 10 mL/L, and the medium contained 100 mM of potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The culturing was performed in a fed-type culturing mode at a temperature of 30° C. while concentrated glycerol (10 M) and 7 mM glucose were periodically injected thereto. Here, pH was maintained to 7.0±0.1 by using 5 N NaOH and 2.5 N HCl. Air was continuously supplied at an agitation speed of 650 rpm at 1 vvm. During the culturing, a medium supplemented with tryptone, 2 g/L; casamino acids, 2 g/L; L-glutamate, 5.0 g/L; and yeast extract, 1 g/L was added every 6 hours to the bioreactor. Samples thereof were regularly analyzed to measure cell mass, residual substrates, and metabolites.

6. Analysis Method

The cell concentration was measured by using a spectrophotometer (Lambda 20, Perkin Elmer; Norwalk, Conn., USA) with a cuvette having a length of 10 mm. 1 unit of absorbance at 600 nm (OD600) was consistent with a dry cell volume of 0.3 g per liter. The protein concentration was analyzed according to a Bradford method with a microtiter plate reader based on bovine serum albumin (1420, Wallac Victor 2; Perkin Elmer). The concentrations of glycerol, 3-HP, and other metabolites were measured by HPLC, wherein the supernatant obtained by centrifugation performed on a culturing sample for 10 minutes at 10,000×g was filtered through a tuffryn-membrane (Acrodisc, Pall Life Sciences), and then, was eluted with by 300 mm×7.8 mm Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad, USA) column using 2.5 mM H₂SO₄ as a mobile phase at a temperature of 65° C.

7. Results

(1) Shaking Flask Culture of Recombinant Pd Δ3HpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH)

The inventors of the present invention had observed in the previous study that the DhaB activity was significantly reduced due to self-destructive catalytic reaction by DhaB when glycerol conversion occurred. Such reduction may be caused by low expression of GdrAb that reactivates DhaB. In addition, it was also expected that the expression of GdrAB would be improved by sequentially arranging GdrAB and DhaB right below the PC3 promoter. Based on this hypothesis, a pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH plasmid was developed and introduced to a P. denitrificans (hereinafter, referred to as Pd) Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI strain for the production of 3-HP. The effect of changing the arrangement order of GdrAB and DhaB regarding the 3-HP production from glycerol was measured in Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH). The supplying effect of coenzyme B12 was examined by supplying 12 μM of coenzyme B12 at 0 h. Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH) was used as a control group. S1˜S3 in FIG. 17 shows the production of 3-HP from glycerol by recombinant Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH), and O1˜O3 in FIG. 17 shows the production of 3-HP from glycerol by recombinant Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH). S and O1 in FIG. 17 show the results in the case where there was no supply of glycerol, and S2 and O2 of FIG. 17 show the results in the case where there was no supply of coenzyme B12. Meanwhile, S3 and O3 of FIG. 17 show the results obtained in associated with supply of coenzyme B12. It was confirmed that there was no significant difference in cell growth between the two strains. However, the production of 3-HP by the Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH) strain supplied with cobalt and coenzyme B12 increased to 41% and 29% after 12 hours. These results indicate that the rate of DhaB reaction was affected by the amount of coenzyme or the amount of cobalt.

It was observed that the addition of cobalt led to the production of 3-HPA and 1,3-PDO at 12 h, but in a control strain, it was observed that 3-HPA (with cobalt) was not accumulated (Table 9). The yield of 3-HP from glycerol was about ˜1, meaning that glycerol supplied thereto was completed used for the production of 3-HP, and the produced 3-HP was not degraded again.

TABLE 9 Carbon distribution in 12-h culture of recombinant P. denitrificans Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI S2 S3 O2 O3 substrates Glucose (mM) 0.58 0.91 0.67 0.88 Glycerol (mM) 64.13 52.15 44.92 37.45 Biomass (g/L) 1.51 1.36 1.66 1.17 Metabolites 3-HP (mM) 64.83 49.51 45.93 38.24 3-HPA (mM) 0.78 0.52 0 0.39 1,3-PDO (mM) 3.55 4.95 1.37 1.42 Growth rate (μ_(max), h⁻¹) 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.53 3-HP yield on glycerol 1.01 0.95 1.02 1.02 (mol/mol) Glycerol carbon 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.07 recovery (%)

(2) Enzyme Activity

Time-dependent in vitro enzyme activity of DhaB and KGSADH was measured (FIG. 18). The DhaB enzyme activity was examined by using the KGSADH enzyme activity, and the KGSADH enzyme activity was measured by using propionaldehyde as a substrate. When the order of DhaB and GdrAB genes was changed, it was observed that the DhaB activity was reduced. Meanwhile, the addition of glycerol, cobalt, or coenzyme B12 was observed to rather cause significant reduction in the DhaB enzyme activity. In this regard, additional experiments are needed to determine whether such effects are caused by the accumulation of 3-HPA or other factors. However, one thing that is clear is that changing of the order of gdrAB and DhaB was not enough to sufficiently improve the DhaB enzyme activity. Thus, it is unclear whether the expression of gdrB is improved in the recombinant strain used herein. For the gdrB translation, RBS of Klebsiella pneumonia was used, but further verification thereof is required.

(3) Bioreactor Culture of DhaB, KGSADH Overexpression Recombinant Pd Δ3HpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH)

A fed-type glycerol-glucose bioreactor operation was performed by using Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-gdrAB-dhaB, PC4-KGSADH) and Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH) strains. In the bioreactor experiments, the concentrations of glucose and glycerol were maintained at low levels of 10 mM and 150 mM, respectively. For every 6 hours, glutamate was supplied for cell growth. As a result of the culture, similar cell growth was observed in the two bioreactors. The cell growth decreased in both cultures after 9 hours, but the cell growth continued until the end of the reaction. In bioreactor A, a Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI (pUCPK′/PC3-dhaB-gdrAB, PC4-KGSADH) strain was used (FIG. 19). Here, the production of 3-HP mostly increased up to 36 hours, resulting in an amount of more than 58±2 g/L at a production rate of 1.2 g/L/h or more, and a 3-HP yield of more than 0.9 mol/mol from glycerol. The 3-HP production rate decreased after 36 hours. Between 36 hours to 48 hours, only 2±0.5 g/L of the 3-HP production was maintained. Overall, for 48 hours, based on a production rate of 1.0 g/L/h and a 3-HP yield of 0.93 mol/mol from glycerol, 60±2 g/L of 3-HP was produced. In comparison with previous experiments, i.e., the fermentation experiment of the strain in which 3hibdhI was not deleted, the yield of 3-HP was significantly increased, confirming that 3hibdhI had an important role in the 3-HP degradation. The influence of 3hibdhI was not observed at all in the flask experiments with short fermentation times.

In bioreactor B, the strain in which the gene order (dhaB and gdrAB) was changed was used, and as a result, the production of 3-HP was improved in the latter half of fermentation. Based on a production rate of 1.3 g/L/h and a yield of 0.95 mol/mol from glycerol, about 63±2 g/L of 3-HP was produced. In comparison with bioreactor A, the 3-HP production was increased by 5%. Although the results were not seen in the enzyme activity assays or flask experiments, the degree of GdrAB expression was significantly important in terms of the 3-HP production.

In conclusion, when the 3-HP production enzymes, i.e., DhaB, GdrAB, and KGSADH, were expressed, P. denitrificans was able to produce 3-HP from glycerol. The recombinant plasmids were developed by using two strong inducible promoters, PC3 and PC4, and Pd Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI from which three genes were deleted was used as a host. To alleviate the degree of inactivation of DhaB, gdrAB was located in front of dhaB, so as to enhance the expression of gdrAB. The enzyme activity analysis and protein expression analysis by SDS-PAGE showed that the activity of DhaB was reduced by such a positional change. However, regardless of the reduced activity of DhaB, the production of 3-HP was improved. As a result of operating the fed-type bioreactor using new recombinant strains, 3-HP was obtained in high concentrations, high production rates, and high yields. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant expression vector comprising an inducible promoter for 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) or a derivative thereof, wherein the derivative is 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3HIB) or 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), wherein the inducible promoter comprises a binding site to a LysR protein which is reactive to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, wherein the binding site to a LysR protein comprises a base sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 43, or an inverted repeat sequence having a base sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 43 and an inverted repeat sequence paired with therewith are repeated twice.
 2. The recombinant expression vector of claim 1, wherein the LysR protein or the promoter is derived from a microorganism having degradability of 3-HP.
 3. The recombinant expression vector of claim 2, wherein the microorganism having degradability of 3-HP is one selected from the group consisting of Achromobacter denitrificans, Acidovorax avenae subsp., Acidovorax sp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcanivorax hongdengensis, Alicycliphilus denitrificans, Alteromonas marina, Amycolatopsis sp., Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans, Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii, Beijerinckia indica, Bordetella avium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Burkholderia ambifaria, Catenulispora acidiphilia, Caulobacter sp., Castellaniella defragrans, Chromobacterium violaceum, Collimonas arenae, Comamonas testosteroni, Corynebacterium vitaeruminis, Cupriavidus necator, Curvibacter gracilus, Delftia acidovorans, Ferrimonas balearica, Glaciecola nitratireducens, Gordonia bronchialis, Hahella chijuensis, Halomonas elongata, Hirschia litorea, Idiomarina sp., Janthinobacterium lividum, Kitasatospora setae, Kutzneria albida, Methylobacterium sp., Methylocystis sp., Novosphingobium sp., Oceanimonas smirnovii, Paracoccus sp., Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Phenylobacterium kunshanensis, Photobacterium gaetbuleda, Polynucleobacter necessarius asymbioticus, Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora, Pseudogulbenkiania sp., Pseudomonas denitrifcans ATCC13867, P. knackmussii, P. protegens, P. fluorescens, Pseudoxanthomonas spadix, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, Ralstonia oxalatica, Rhodomicrobium vannielli, Segniliparus rotundus, Shewanella oneidensis, Simiduia agarovorans, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, Sphingomonas wittichii, Sphingopyxis alaskensis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces nodosus, Tatlockia micdadei, Thalassospira xiamenensis, Variovorax paradoxus, Verminephrobacter eiseniae, Vibrio furnissii, Xanthobacter autotrophicus, Xanthomonas campestri, and Xanthomonas oryzae.
 4. The recombinant expression vector of claim 1, wherein the LysR protein comprises an N-terminal domain having a helix-turn-helix structure and binding to DNA, a C-terminal domain binding to 3-HP or a derivative thereof, and a C-terminal domain contributing to stabilization of a LysR protein dimer.
 5. The recombinant expression vector of claim 4, wherein the N-terminal domain having a helix-turn-helix structure and binding to DNA comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or
 2. 6. The recombinant expression vector of claim 4, wherein the C-terminal domain binding to 3-HP or a derivative thereof comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:
 3. 7. The recombinant expression vector of claim 4, wherein the C-terminal domain contributing to stabilization of a LysR protein dimer comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:
 4. 8. The recombinant expression vector of claim 1, wherein the binding site to a LysR protein comprises two LysR protein dimers that are bonded to each other.
 9. The recombinant expression vector of claim 1, wherein the binding site to a LysR protein comprises a base sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 44 or
 45. 10. The recombinant expression vector of claim 1, wherein the recombinant expression vector further comprises a gene encoding a foreign protein linked to the inducible promoter for 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) or a derivative thereof.
 11. The recombinant expression vector of claim 10, the foreign protein is glycerol dehydratase (DhaB), DhaB reactivase (GdrAB), or α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase (KGSADH).
 12. A recombinant microorganism transformed with the recombinant expression vector of claim
 1. 13. The recombinant microorganism of claim 12, wherein the recombinant microorganism has producibility of 3-HP.
 14. The recombinant microorganism of claim 13, wherein the recombinant microorganism is Pseudomonas denitrificans.
 15. The recombinant microorganism of claim 13, wherein the recombinant microorganism is a stain of Pseudomonas denitrificans Δ3hpdhΔ3hibdhIVΔ3hibdhI from which 3hpdh, 3hibdh, and mmsadh genes relating to degradation of 3-HP are deleted in a strain of P. denitrificans.
 16. A method of producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP), the method comprising: culturing the recombinant microorganism of claim
 12. 